Lebrikizumab (Ebglyss)

The biologic abrocitinib is a janus kinase (JAK)1 inhibitor. JAKs are intracellular enzymes which transmit signals arising from cytokine or growth factor-receptor interactions on the cellular membrane to influence cellular processes of haematopoiesis and immune cell function. JAKs phosphorylate and activate Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) which modulate intracellular activity including gene expression. Inhibition of JAK1 modulates the signalling pathways by preventing the phosphorylation and activation of STATs.

Baricitinib is a selective and reversible inhibitor of Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2. In isolated enzyme assays, baricitinib inhibited the activities of JAK1, JAK2, Tyrosine Kinase 2 and JAK3 with IC50 values of 5.9, 5.7, 53 and > 400 nM, respectively. Janus kinases (JAKs) are enzymes that transduce intracellular signals from cell surface receptors for a number of cytokines and growth factors involved in haematopoiesis, inflammation and immune function. Within the intracellular signalling pathway, JAKs phosphorylate and activate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), which activate gene expression within the cell. Baricitinib modulates these signalling pathways by partially inhibiting JAK1 and JAK2 enzymatic activity, thereby reducing the phosphorylation and activation of STATs.

Dupilumab is a biologic fully human monoclonal antibody against interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha that inhibits IL-4/IL-13 signalling, produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by recombinant DNA technology.

Nemolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody of the IgG2 subclass that inhibits IL-31 signaling by binding selectively to IL-31RA. IL-31 is a neuroimmune cytokine that drives pruritus and inflammation, which are important pathophysiological components of atopic dermatitis and prurigo nodularis. IL-31 has an additional barrier dysfunction effect in atopic dermatitis, and epidermal differentiation and profibrotic effect in prurigo nodularis.

Tralokinumab is a biologic monoclonal antibody that targets specific proteins or receptors in the body, to regulate the immune response or interfere with disease processes. The liquid solution is injected subcutaneously with a pre-filled syringe to limit the overreaction of the immune system, dampening down inflammation and reducing itch.

Rinvoq (upadacitinib) is a selective and reversible Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. JAKs are intracellular enzymes that transmit cytokine or growth factor signals involved in a broad range of cellular processes including inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, and immune surveillance. The JAK family of enzymes contains four members, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2 which work in pairs to phosphorylate and activate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs). This phosphorylation, in turn, modulates gene expression and cellular function. JAK1 is important in inflammatory cytokine signals while JAK2 is important for red blood cell maturation and JAK3 signals play a role in immune surveillance and lymphocyte function.